pluto planet oder nicht

Subsequent searches for an alternative Planet X, notably by Robert Sutton Harrington,[43] failed. The two orbits do not intersect. New Horizons Settles Decades-Long Debate", "Pluto minus one day: Very first New Horizons Pluto encounter science results", "Conditions on Pluto: Incredibly Hazy With Flowing Ice", "Evidence that Pluto's atmosphere does not collapse from occultations including the 2013 May 04 event", "Pluto's Atmosphere Confounds Researchers", "Astronomers: Pluto colder than expected", "NASA's Hubble Discovers Another Moon Around Pluto", "Pluto Has a Fifth Moon, Hubble Telescope Reveals", "New Moon for Pluto: Hubble Telescope Spots a 5th Plutonian Satellite", "Charon: An ice machine in the ultimate deep freeze", "NASA's Hubble Finds Pluto's Moons Tumbling in Absolute Chaos", "Hubble Finds Two Chaotically Tumbling Pluto Moons", "Pluto May Have Formed from 1 Billion Comets", "Neptune's Migration into a Stirred-up Kuiper Belt: A Detailed Comparison of Simulations to Observations", "Top New Horizons Findings Reported in Science", "This month Pluto's apparent magnitude is m=14.1. Du hast mich bemerkt, gut. Außerdem muss er genügend Masse besitzen, um in ein hydrostatisches Gleichgewicht zu kommen und durch seine eigene Gravitation eine runde Form annehmen. Rather, it is considered a member of a linked population called the scattered disc. Ich wurde schließlich ein Planet genannt. [80][81][82], This alone is not enough to protect Pluto; perturbations from the planets (especially Neptune) could alter Pluto's orbit (such as its orbital precession) over millions of years so that a collision could be possible. Ist Pluto ein Planet oder nicht? This moves Pluto into a slightly larger orbit, where it travels slightly more slowly, according to Kepler's third law. Aber es hat Gründe und diese sind auch richtig. [156], Like other members of the Kuiper belt, Pluto is thought to be a residual planetesimal; a component of the original protoplanetary disc around the Sun that failed to fully coalesce into a full-fledged planet. its orbit and relationship to other bodies) or whether it looks like a planet (e.g. [59] Stern contended that, by the terms of the new definition, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Neptune, all of which share their orbits with asteroids, would be excluded. After many such repetitions, Pluto is sufficiently slowed, and Neptune sufficiently sped up, that Pluto's orbit relative to Neptune drifts in the opposite direction until the process is reversed. [52] Its mass is substantially less than the combined mass of the other objects in its orbit: 0.07 times, in contrast to Earth, which is 1.7 million times the remaining mass in its orbit (excluding the moon). First, Pluto's argument of perihelion, the angle between the point where it crosses the ecliptic and the point where it is closest to the Sun, librates around 90°. [158] It is possible that Pluto had a near-circular orbit about 33 AU from the Sun before Neptune's migration perturbed it into a resonant capture. Pluto has five known moons: Charon (the largest, with a diameter just over half that of Pluto), Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra. Observations were conducted using a remote sensing package that included imaging instruments and a radio science investigation tool, as well as spectroscopic and other experiments. Das macht unser Sonnensystem so riesig, das wir noch nicht alles erforscht haben. Higher southern latitudes have only been observed, at very low resolution, from Earth. Pluto and Charon are sometimes considered a binary system because the barycenter of their orbits does not lie within either body. Der Zwergplanet Pluto wurde im Jahr 1930 entdeckt und galt bis 2006 als der neunte und äußerste Planet des Sonnensystems. [44] Today, the majority of scientists agree that Planet X, as Lowell defined it, does not exist. Mike Brown, the astronomer who discovered Eris, said "through this whole crazy, circus-like procedure, somehow the right answer was stumbled on. Dann wäre allerdings nicht mehr nur Pluto wieder ein Planet. They refer to the standard equinox J2000, the barycenter of the Solar System, and the epoch J2000. Eine Umrundung von Pluto um und Sonne würde so unglaubliche zweihundertachtundvierzig Jahre lang andauern. Viele wissen nicht, dass es ein Kind war, das maßgeblich an der Namensgebung Plutos beteiligt war. [7] Using radio occultation data from the New Horizons Radio Science Experiment (REX), the diameter was found to be 2376.6±3.2 km.[5]. Pluto und Charon zusammen würden kaum die Fläche des amerikanischen Kontinents einnehmen. [2]), In 1978, the discovery of Pluto's moon Charon allowed the measurement of Pluto's mass for the first time: roughly 0.2% that of Earth, and far too small to account for the discrepancies in the orbit of Uranus. Museum and planetarium directors occasionally created controversy by omitting Pluto from planetary models of the Solar System. This is called polar wander. This eccentricity means a small region of Pluto's orbit lies closer to the Sun than Neptune's. [60] He argued that all big spherical moons, including the Moon, should likewise be considered planets. [79] This means that when Pluto is closest to the Sun, it is at its farthest above the plane of the Solar System, preventing encounters with Neptune. It was the first and the largest Kuiper belt object to be discovered. Viele Himmelskörper unseres Sonnensystems kann man bereits mit einfachen Fernrohen am Himmel ausfindig machen. [82] The long term stability of the mean-motion resonance is due to phase protection. [22] Lowell Observatory, which had the right to name the new object, received more than 1,000 suggestions from all over the world, ranging from Atlas to Zymal. Allerdings ist Pluto nicht das mit Abstand größte Objekt seiner Umlaufbahn. In the 1840s, Urbain Le Verrier used Newtonian mechanics to predict the position of the then-undiscovered planet Neptune after analyzing perturbations in the orbit of Uranus. This "view from above" shows how Pluto's orbit (in red) is less circular than Neptune's (in blue), and how Pluto is sometimes closer to the Sun than Neptune. This is a consequence of the Kozai mechanism,[80] which relates the eccentricity of an orbit to its inclination to a larger perturbing body—in this case Neptune. The collision released material that consolidated into the moons around Pluto. In the long term, Pluto's orbit is chaotic. Einige der Forscher, die an der NASA-Mission der Raumsonde New Horizons mitwirkten, stellen die Degradierung des Himmelskörpers mit in Frage. [143] This also means that the rotation period of each is equal to the time it takes the entire system to rotate around its barycenter. Uranus ist vor Neptun und Pluto das letzte größere Objekt am Himmel, dass sich ohne Weiteres auch ohne Teleskop beobachten lässt. Relative to Neptune, the amplitude of libration is 38°, and so the angular separation of Pluto's perihelion to the orbit of Neptune is always greater than 52° (90°–38°). Similarly, objects increasingly closer in size to Pluto were discovered in the Kuiper belt region. Wir können nun also eine Antwort auf die Frage geben, warum Pluto kein Planet (mehr) ist. Observations of Pluto in occultation with Charon allowed scientists to establish Pluto's diameter more accurately, whereas the invention of adaptive optics allowed them to determine its shape more accurately.[124]. [171] The orbiter could then use Charon's gravity to leave the Pluto system and study more KBOs after all Pluto science objectives are completed. Despite Pluto's orbit appearing to cross that of Neptune when viewed from directly above, the two objects' orbits are aligned so that they can never collide or even approach closely. The presence of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, in Pluto's atmosphere creates a temperature inversion, with the average temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface,[132] though observations by New Horizons have revealed Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected (70 K, as opposed to about 100 K). According to this resolution, there are three conditions for an object in the Solar System to be considered a planet: Pluto fails to meet the third condition. Aufgrund seiner enorm hohen Entfernung zur Erde ist Pluto selbst mit professionellen Teleskopen kaum noch zu sehen, was die Planetenforschung zwar schwieriger, nicht aber unmöglich machte. In September 2016, astronomers announced that the reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon is composed of tholins, organic macromolecules that may be ingredients for the emergence of life, and produced from methane, nitrogen and other gases released from the atmosphere of Pluto and transferred 19,000 km (12,000 mi) to the orbiting moon. [109] It is possible that such heating continues today, creating a subsurface ocean of liquid water 100 to 180 km thick at the core–mantle boundary. As of 2011, surveys of the Kuiper belt to magnitude 21 were nearly complete and any remaining Pluto-sized objects are expected to be beyond 100 AU from the Sun. Er entspricht somit nicht den Kriterien für den Planetenstatus, die 2006 in der Resolution B5 der IAU festgelegt wurden. Denn laut der Resolution dürften eigentlich auch Erde, Mars, Jupiter und Neptun nicht als Planeten gelten – ihre Umlaufbahnen sind nämlich ebenfalls nicht freigeräumt von Trümmern bzw. [23] Constance Lowell proposed Zeus, then Percival and finally Constance. Es war später, dass ein Mensch namens Clyde Tombaugh, der zu Ihrer Zeit 1930 auf mich aufmerksam wurde. Pluto ist in unserem Sonnensystem am weitesten von der Sonne entfernt – der Abstand zwischen Sonne und Pluto entspricht dem Vierzigfachen des Abstandes zwischen Sonne und Erde! [35], Astronomers initially calculated its mass based on its presumed effect on Neptune and Uranus. Als 1930 der Pluto entdeckt wurde, dachte man, das sei eine Fortsetzung der Reihe, "ein weiter Planet, der auch weit draußen ist, der auch groß ist", sagt Astrophysiker Michael Büker. [137][139] When precession is accounted for, the orbital periods of Styx, Nix, and Hydra are in an exact 18:22:33 ratio. [170] They include mapping the surface at 9.1 m (30 ft) per pixel, observations of Pluto's smaller satellites, observations of how Pluto changes as it rotates on its axis, and topographic mapping of Pluto's regions that are covered in long-term darkness due to its axial tilt. [7] Because the decay of radioactive elements would eventually heat the ices enough for the rock to separate from them, scientists expect that Pluto's internal structure is differentiated, with the rocky material having settled into a dense core surrounded by a mantle of water ice. [h] In Japanese, Houei Nojiri suggested the translation Meiōsei (冥王星, "Star of the King (God) of the Underworld"), and this was borrowed into Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese (which instead uses "Sao Diêm VÆ°Æ¡ng", which was derived from the Chinese term 閻王 (Yánwáng), as "minh" is a homophone for the Sino-Vietnamese words for "dark" (冥) and "bright" (明)). [98] The color varies from charcoal black, to dark orange and white. The variation in density (with none found in, Geologic map of Sputnik Planitia and surroundings (, Sputnik Planitia is covered with churning nitrogen ice "cells" that are geologically young and turning over due to, Composite image maps of Pluto from July 14, 2015 (updated 2019), A composite image of the sub-Charon hemisphere of Pluto. The closest to Pluto is Charon. As Neptune migrated outward, it approached the objects in the proto-Kuiper belt, setting one in orbit around itself (Triton), locking others into resonances, and knocking others into chaotic orbits. Einige betrachten Pluto und Charon als das erste binäre System, das in unserem Sonnensystem bekannt ist, weil das Baryzentrum ihrer Umlaufbahn nicht auf beiden Körpern liegt. [68], In 2006, in its 17th annual words-of-the-year vote, the American Dialect Society voted plutoed as the word of the year. Research from the University of Arizona has suggested that it may be due to the way that a body's spin will always adjust to minimise energy. [19], Tombaugh's task was to systematically image the night sky in pairs of photographs, then examine each pair and determine whether any objects had shifted position. [106] Latest studies have shown that the surface has an age of 180000+90000−40000 years. Monitoring global change and improved surface properties from light curves", "New Hubble Maps of Pluto Show Surface Changes", "Pluto and Charon with the Hubble Space Telescope: II. On October 25, 2016, at 05:48 pm ET, the last bit of data (of a total of 50 billion bits of data; or 6.25 gigabytes) was received from New Horizons from its close encounter with Pluto. This led the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2006 to formally define the term "planet" — excluding Pluto and reclassifying it as a dwarf planet. In contrast, Pluto's orbit is moderately inclined relative to the ecliptic (over 17°) and moderately eccentric (elliptical). Die International Astronomical Union hat Pluto überraschend den Planetenstatus aberkannt. Ob Planet oder Zwergplanet: Pluto bleibt faszinierend Aber Pluto gehört einfach zur Schar der kleineren Objekte, die zuhauf im sogenannten Kuipergürtel weit draußen um die Sonne ziehen. published findings regarding methane mixing ratios in Pluto's atmosphere consistent with a Plutonian diameter greater than 2360 km, with a "best guess" of 2368 km. Light from the Sun takes 5.5 hours to reach Pluto at its average distance (39.5 AU). [104][105] It has no craters that were visible to New Horizons, indicating that its surface is less than 10 million years old. [53][51] The IAU further decided that bodies that, like Pluto, meet criteria 1 and 2, but do not meet criterion 3 would be called dwarf planets. The semi-major axis and period are presently getting longer.[79]. [20] After the observatory obtained further confirmatory photographs, news of the discovery was telegraphed to the Harvard College Observatory on March 13, 1930. Launched in 2006, it captured its first (distant) images of Pluto in late September 2006 during a test of the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager. [54] Had Pluto been included upon its discovery in 1930, it would have likely been designated 1164, following 1163 Saga, which was discovered a month earlier. With the new figures added in, the discrepancies, and with them the need for a Planet X, vanished. Als Krönung erhielt der neue Planet einen festen Namen - Pluto, der zu Ehren des altgriechischen Gottes, des Herrn der Unterwelt, verliehen wurde. [112] Pluto has no magnetic field. A lesser-quality photograph taken on January 21 helped confirm the movement. Doch wie kam es zu dieser Erkenntnis und warum ist Pluto kein Planet mehr?

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